Neoplasms, or tumors, are formed by cells that do not respond to the body’s growth-regulating mechanisms. They can typically be classified as benign or malignant. Eye tumors can be classified based on anatomical (e.g., retina, choroid), histopathological, or embryological characteristics, and can also be classified using the TNM system. The symptoms and findings vary depending on the tumor type and its onset.
When planning treatment, factors such as the tumor's nature, size, extraocular spread, anatomical effects, visual status of the affected eye(s), pros and cons of current treatments, the patient's age and overall health, and patient expectations should all be considered.
Most important eye tumors:
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Retinoblastoma: This tumor occurs in infancy and childhood. It is usually identified by a white appearance in the pupil of one or both eyes. Strabismus (misalignment of the eyes) is another common symptom. Treatment options include chemotherapy, enucleation (surgical removal of the eye), radiotherapy (radiation or radioactive plaque therapy), laser therapy, and cryotherapy (freezing treatment).
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Uveal Melanoma: Typically diagnosed in individuals aged 55-60. The tumor may present as a visible spot on the iris or as a change in iris color. Posterior tumors can lead to visual disturbances and floaters. Sometimes, they are detected incidentally during routine eye exams. Treatment may involve surgery and plaque radiotherapy.
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Metastatic Eye Tumors: These tumors often present with visual disturbances. The most common types of cancer that metastasize to the eye are breast cancer in women and lung cancer in men.